famous biological psychologists

Famous Psychologists & Theories: Ainsworth, Mary - Attachment Theory. The problem is that we are not very good at affective forecasting, which is beset by the kind of cognitive fallacies and illusions studied by several other psychologists on this list (Dan Ariely, Daniel Kahneman). Perhaps most controversial of all, however, is Millers 2013 Edge article praising Chinas eugenics policy and by implication advocating a similar policy for the US. 2748. Rosch is the author or co-author of many peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, and the co-author or co-editor of two books. (Early in her career, she published under the name Eleanor Rosch Heider.) Fahrenberg has co-authored some 150 journal articles with other members of the PRG, as well as editing a number of textbooks. Gilligan felt that girls and women attain moral maturity by a different path; more importantly, she argued that moral decision-making by women in general takes place in a different voice than that by men. No more love and hate, but merely the firing of neurons in the amygdala. After initially studying business and economics and working for a computer company for a time, she entered medical school at the University of Zurich. In philosophy, the first issues is how to approach what is known as the "mind-body problem," namely the explanation of the relationship, if any, that obtains between minds, or mental processes, and bodily states or processes. The result was his first book, originally published in 1977, on the different types of meditative techniques that he found there. In later years, Gardner began exploring the implications of the theory of multiple intelligences for other areas, such as business school training. He received his bachelors degree in psychology in 1972 from the University of Maryland, and his Ph.D. in clinical-community psychology in 1977 from the same university. His most famous work, On . Who is the most famous psychologist? One example of physiological psychology research is the study of the role of the hippocampus in learning and memory. He has sought to extend this approach to education with his theory of self-regulated learning, and to clinical psychology with his theory of self-efficacy, or self-control. focuses on how health is affected by the interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors. Synonyms to Biological Psychology include Biopsychology, Behavioral Neuroscience, and Psychobiology. The current scope of biological psychology includes the following themes: Evolution of brain and behavior; development of the nervous system and behavior over the life span; psychopharmacology; sensory and perceptual processes; control and coordination of movement and actions; control of behavioral states (motivation), including sex and reproductive behavior, and regulation of internal states; biological rhythms and sleep; emotions and mental disorders; neural mechanisms of learning and memory, language and cognition; and recovery of function after damage to the nervous system. "There is nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so." Shakespeare (Hamlet) Hamlet has the distinction of being the Shakespearian role with the largest number of lines. Arielys work draws on insights from biological and cognitive psychology, on the one hand, and economics, on the other-in a burgeoning new field that has come to be known as behavioral economics. In later work, Meltzoff turned his attention to a number of other topics, such as autism, empathy, intention, the infants theory of mind (its ability to understand other peoples intentions), and the neural mechanisms underpinning gaze-following and imitation. Note: Walter Mischel passed on September 12, 2018. Ariely was born in New York City in 1967 to an Israeli family living there temporarily. This theory was developed in part based on research by physiologist Ivan Pavlov on classical conditioning. John Bowlby, Maternal Care and Mental Health. The recipient of countless awards, grants, and other honors, he was elected a Member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) in 1963, and a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1968. Schrgers work carries on the great tradition of what used to be called psychophysics, which was in fact the beginning of the science of psychology as an intellectual discipline distinct from philosophy and the moral sciences (as work in what we would now call the social sciences used to termed) in the nineteenth century. Tulving is the author or co-author of some 225 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, and is the author, co-author, or editor of five books. Descartes, for example, suggested that the pineal gland, a midline unpaired structure in the brain of many organisms, was the point of contact between mind and body. He has also published work on the importance of ideals and role models-especially, the ideal of heroism in everyday lifefor resisting peer pressure. . He is also the author, co-author, or editor of almost 40 books. Many of his books have appeared in multiple foreign editions, including one (Authentic Happiness) in more than 40 languages! He received his bachelors degree in 1956 from University College London, and his masters degree in psychology in 1957 from Princeton University. Pargament is the author or co-author of around 175 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, as well as the author or editor of five books. London: Hogarth Press, 1973; idem, Attachment and Loss, Vol. In a nutshell, he attempts to identify the selective advantage of particular human social behavioral traits in the context of our environment of evolutionary adaptedness (EEA). Through careful laboratory experiments aimed at comparing the abilities of young chimpanzees and young children of various ages engaged in similar cognitive tasks, he has been able to establish a wide array of reliable similarities and differences in the mental development of each species. 1: Attachment. The Shepard tone and accompanying Shepard scale create the auditory illusion of a tone that continually rises or falls in pitch, yet without ever getting any higher or lower. Banduras self-efficacy model is often considered to be a forerunner of todays popular cognitive behavioral therapy(CBT). In later work, Kahneman began to incorporate evolutionary theory more explicitly into his work, developing a two-system, fast/slow model of human thinking. British anthropologist James George Frazer is best known for his book The Golden Bough, which details his study of ancient cults and myths. In this book, Goleman studies the emotions from biological, evolutionary, psychological, philosophical, and commonsense perspectives, showing the central role they play, not just in our affective life per se, but in all aspects of human cognition and action. One set of experimental methods involves disabling or decreasing neural function. Loftus and her work rocketed to fame in the early 1990s when she gave expert testimony in a series of court cases involving the phenomenon of so-called repressed memory. Stanley Milgram, Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View (Harper & Row, 1974). John Gierland, Go with the Flow, Wired, September 1, 1996. Nadels work on the neurological bases of Down Syndrome has led to novel therapeutic interventions that have enhanced the quality of life of Down patients, and for which he has received recognition in the form of the National Down Syndrome Societys Award for Research and the Sisley-Lejeune International Prize for Research on Intellectual Disability. Training for most of these positions requires a doctorate. She earned her bachelors degree in psychology in 1968 from Loyola University Chicago, and her Ph.D. in social and experimental personality psychology in 1971 from the same university. She received her bachelors degree in psychology from the University of Toronto, and her Ph.D. in clinical psychology at the University of Waterloo, in Waterloo, Ontario. Kahneman and Tversky made a special study of the irrational bias they called loss aversion-the common feeling that it is better to avoid losing something than it is to gain the same thing. Gilligan (ne Friedman) was born in New York City in 1936. While biological psychology is a broad field, many biological psychologists want to understand how the structure and function of the nervous system is related to behavior ().As such, they often combine the research strategies of both psychologists and physiologists . He received his bachelors degree summa cum laude in psychology in 1981 from the University of Colorado Denver, and his Ph.D. in social psychology in 1985 from Princeton University. Geoffrey Miller, What Should We Be Worried About? After teaching at the University of Chicago for several years, Gilligan returned to Harvard in 1971 as an Associate Professor in the Graduate School of Education. Unlike other subdivisions within biological psychology, the main focus of physiological psychological research is the development of theories that explain brain-behavior relationships rather than the development of research that has translational value. Several of Damons many books have been aimed at a general readership; among these The Path to Purpose, in particular, has struck a chord, resonating with a very wide audience and helping to disseminate Damons ideas far beyond the usual boundaries of academia. Traditional economic theory had always assumed that human beings are rational actors, which means they can generally be relied upon to act in ways they perceive as furthering their own best interests. In addition to personality psychology, his ideas have been influential in the fields of business management and education. In recent years, Kagan has turned his attention to a series of problems he finds with the psychological profession itself, including: disregarding the difference in settings in which experimental studies are conducted; basing theories and practices on single measures, rather than complex, multi-dimensional measurements; defining mental illnesses on the basis of symptoms without regard for etiology; and treating disorders with drugs that are non-specific for the disorder. He is also the author-, co-author, or editor of some 50 books. The implications of her research for eyewitness testimonyupon which our entire criminal justice system is basedare obvious and troubling. Included is 4 pins within a theme. He is currently the Brooks and Suzanne Ragen Professor of Psychology and Cognitive Science at Yale University. He is currently Emeritus Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Pennsylvanias Perelman School of Medicine, as well as President Emeritus of the Beck Institute for Cognitive Behavior Therapy. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1978; pp. He received his bachelors degree in 1972 from New York University, and his Ph.D. in Personality, Psychopathology, and Psychophysiology in 1976 from Harvard University, where he worked with Daniel Goleman. According to Seligmans theory, the phenomenon of learned helplessness lies at the root of clinical depression and related mental illnesses. The focus of study of physiological psychology is the neural mechanisms of perception and behavior through direct manipulation of the brains of nonhuman animal subjects in controlled experiments. His work has consisted principally of large-scale empirical studies, based on both original field research (questionnaires) and meta-studies of the developmental psychology literature. Bandura was born in Mundare, Alberta, Canada, in 1925. This was a highly significant observation for at least two reasons: first, it provided a kind of empirical confirmation that Bayesian networks really do capture something important about scientific reasoning; and, second, it powerfully demonstrated that babies are already capable of employing far more sophisticated methods of discovery than one might have imagined absent such evidence. Studying the effects of brain injuries and mental illnesses in human behavior. He is currently Thomas Cooley Professor of Ethical Leadership at New York Universitys Stern School of Business. He is currently the Robert Johnston Niven Professor of Humane Letters in the Department of Psychology at Columbia University. She has also used the results of such studies to evaluate the likelihood of stereotype threat (negative self-perceptions based on gender stereotypes) impacting women in social interactions. He is without a doubt best known for his theory of multiple intelligences-the highly influential idea that the sort of intelligence measured by standardized IQ tests is only one among a variety of types of intelligence deployed by human beings in their interactions with the world around them (especially the social world). More specifically, Damon has been critical of changes in the conventional wisdom regarding child-rearing in our society over the past couple of generations. She is currently an independent writer and lecturer. He is currently Professor Emeritus of Psychology and Public Affairs at Princeton Universitys Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs. Gardner is a developmental psychologist who has primarily focused on child development and the psychology of education. Becker, and G.E. Davidson is a close friend of the 14th Dalai Lama and himself meditates regularly. ", Thorndike, Edward. She is currently Professor of Organizational Behavior in the Faculty of Hautes tudes Commerciales, or HEC (which is to say, the Business School), of the University of Lausanne. Leibniz believed that mind and body are separate but that their activities directly parallel each other. For the purposes of this article, we have excluded persons whose primary academic affiliation lies in a philosophy department, or in one of the other humanities, or in some other social science. biological psychology, also called physiological psychology or behavioral neuroscience, the study of the physiological bases of behaviour. She received her bachelors degree summa cum laude in English literature in 1958 from Swarthmore College, her masters degree in clinical psychology in 1961 from Radcliffe College, and her Ph.D. in social psychology in 1964 from Harvard University. One of the earliest textbooks in the new field, The Principles of Psychology by William James (1890), argues that the scientific study of psychology should be grounded in an understanding of biology: Bodily experiences, therefore, and more particularly brain-experiences, must take a place amongst those conditions of the mental life of which Psychology need take account. Dieners work has also thrown into question the long-standing belief that most people have predetermined set-points for subjective well-being which even highly negative life events (death of spouse, loss of job) do little to change over time. Temporary lesions may be employed when neural tissue is temporarily disabled by cooling or by the use of anesthetics such as tetrodotoxin. He is currently Professor Emeritus of Psychology at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Kahneman is chiefly known for founding (together with his long-time collaborator, Amos Tversky, who died in 1996) the academic discipline now known as behavioral economics. It is hard for us today to appreciate what a radical break Becks cognitive approach represented in the late 1950s and early 1960s, in a field still dominated by Freuds idea that the root cause of most neurosis is sexual repression. S. Marc Breedlove, Mark R. Rosenzweig, and Neil V. Watson, Ibrahim B. Syed, "Islamic Medicine: 1000 years ahead of its times,", Amber Haque, "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists,", D.S. Biological psychology is concerned primarily with the relationship between psychological processes and the underlying physiological eventsor, in other words, the mind-body phenomenon. Ariely, who is the founder of a number of private for-profit ventures, has become well known beyond the academic world for his best-selling popular books (see below), his TED talks, and his widely read Wall Street Journal advice column. His first book for a mass readership, The Language Instinct (1994), drove home in elegant prose the inarguable importance of the innate language faculty for our humanity. Like other forms of Darwinian theorizing about human before, evolutionary psychology continues to be hotly debated; however, the appeal of Busss and similar work for the educated public is undeniable. Moreover, his peers have bestowed upon him an enormous number of prizes, awards, grants, fellowships, distinguished lectureships, honorary degrees, and other honors. Descartes also elaborated on a theory in which the pneumatics of bodily fluids could explain reflexes and other motor behavior. However, the studies Ekman has carried out to back up these claims have come under sustained criticism. Studying relations between mind and body can greatly inform our understanding of . Nor has it hurt that he is a well-known atheist activist, or that many of his books contain a subtext of secularist evangelism, weaving themes from evolutionary psychology throughout (see the entry for David M. Buss, above). Carl Wernicke (On evolutionary psychology in general, see the discussion under the entry for David M. Buss, above.) Time flies. His five categories are: caring; fairness; group loyalty; respect for authority; and purity (sanctity). He was the first qualified doctor of medicine and founding father of psychoanalysis. He is the recipient of far too many grants, fellowships, awards, prizes, honorary degrees, lectureships, editorships, and visiting professorships to mention, and has served on the boards of a great many academic bodies, research foundations, and government committees. Ed Diener and Martin E.P. This can be achieved by surgical removal of the hippocampus from the rat brain followed by an assessment of memory tasks by that same rat.[11]. Division 6 of the American Psychological Association (APA) is the scholarly and professional organization related to Biopsychology. A simple person from Northern Arabia who loves education and have 300 credit hours of higher education. His ground-breaking work on developmental neuropsychiatry, in general, and on autism, in particular, has won for him the sobriquet, the Father of Child Psychiatry in the UK. Kahneman received his bachelors degree in psychology and mathematics in 1954 from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. [13] Another feature of this work was his notion of a consequential region of a sampling space, which is somewhat analogous to Roschs notion of a basic level of objects in peoples innate categorization schemes (see the entry on Rosch, above). Today, he is Professor of Education in Stanford Universitys Graduate School of Education, as well as Director of the Stanford Center on Adolescence and a Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution. The IASL also employs the latest in high-tech brain-imaging techniques. Test-Optional Universities Threaten SAT/ACT Credibility: Part I. Szokolszky was born in Budapest, Hungary, in 1956. In this work, Schrger has elucidated the sensory and neural underpinnings of the human ability to interpret extremely rapid and complex auditory information, such as speech, on the basis of the optimization of predictive modeling, which is based in turn on regularities in environmental stimuli (in other words, past experience). In line with the well-known work of Noam Chomsky, Pinker further argued that the capacity for language is instinctive with respect to deep grammatical structure (universal grammar), and that experience merely shapes this instinctive behavior into the specific forms (surface grammar and lexicon) of a particular language. A top name in social psychology, Bandura was born in Mundare, Alberta, Canada, and earned his bachelor of arts at the University of British Columbia in 1949. He has received numerous honorary degrees and has occupied visiting professorships at a multitude of universities all around the world. ". The roots of biopsychology began when Charles Darwin formulated his theory of natural selection during his global travels. Herrnstein, R. J. For example, in one treatment, a group of mice may be shown a particular color whereas the other treatment may receive no such stimulation before being measured (the dependent variable). Criminologists look at the causes, consequences, and control of criminal acts, and by considering both the individual, and wider societal influences, seek to find ways to prevent crime. The author or co-author of more than 30 books, many of them bestsellers, Lewis is in high demand as a public speaker. 3: Loss: Sadness and Depression. After the war, he completed his secondary education in York, back in the UK. Co-morbidities of BPD include clinical depression, bipolar disorder, self-harm, substance abuse, and suicidal ideation. He received his bachelors degree in psychology in 1991 from Cornell University, and his Ph.D. in psychology in 1998 from the University of California, Santa Barbara, where he worked with Leda Cosmides (see above) and John Tooby. Posner is the author or co-author of more than 330 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, and the author, co-author, or editor of books. One of his papers, The Emotional Dog and Its Rational Tail[4]which argues that we mostly make moral judgments on an intuitive basis, reserving moral reasoning for the ex post facto justification of decisions already made-has been cited more than 6000 times. 4. Corrections? Note that the evolutionary psychologist Geoffrey F. Miller should not be confused with either the NYU Law Professor Geoffrey P. Miller or the bioethicist and Yale Professor Emeritus of Pediatric Neurology, GeoffreyMiller. He opened the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany in 1879. Fahrenberg was born in Berlin in 1937. After leaving medical school, Lewis worked full-time for the next 10 years as a freelance journalist, photographer, and writer. She has also been deeply involved in developing new methods for studying the emotions, notably the experience sampling method, which is an effort to quantify and measure the quality of everyday life. He is perhaps best known for his multiple components model of working memory (the Baddeley Model), in which working (or short-term) memory is further analyzed into a central executive component and certain slave systems under its control, for example, the so-called phonological loop, which allows us to rehearse complex linguistic information to maintain its availability for working memory, and the visuo-spatial scratchpad, which stores information about the physical environment for use in the construction of mental maps. He explained that "humidity" inside the head can contribute to mood disorders, and he recognized that this occurs when the amount of "breath" changes: Happiness increases the breath, which leads to increased moisture inside the brain, but if this moisture goes beyond its limits, the brain would lose control over its rationality and lead to mental disorders.[4]. According to the theory, many common IQ tests themselves fail to distinguish adequately between linguistic intelligence (verbal fluency), logico-mathematical intelligence (numeracy), and spatial intelligence (the ability to manipulate 2- and 3-D shapes), while several other types of intelligence are not measured at all by standard tests, including kinesthetic intelligence (athletic ability), interpersonal intelligence (social/emotional skill), intrapersonal intelligence (self-knowledge), and aesthetic intelligence (artistic/musical ability). Tomasellos research has been focused on the question of what makes human beings so different from all other animals. It was there that she worked closely with developmental psychologists Erik Erikson and Lawrence Kohlberg. Moreover, he rejects the ideal of rationality usually associated with the social sciences, pointing out that such ideals themselves derive from particular historically and culturally bound structures. Physiologists conducted experiments on living organisms, a practice that was distrusted by the dominant anatomists of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. In studying cognitive and emotional deficits in these populations, especially in children diagnosed with autism, Rutter combined traditional questionnaires and other means of gatherings vital statistics with new technologies, including DNA analysis and neuroimaging. In addition to his many essays, book reviews, and op-ed pieces for the popular press, Pinker has published around 180 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, and is the author, co-author, or editor of some 14 books. Moreover, at every point along the spectrum, many of the most famous psychologists have often taken a step back to reflect upon the nature of the field as a whole-examining the tacit presuppositions that guide psychologists thought and practice, and thereby assuming the role of philosopher.

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