why was henry vii called the winter king

Then in 1491 appeared a still more serious menace: Perkin Warbeck, coached by Margaret to impersonate Richard, the younger son of Edward IV. [34], When the King's agents searched the property of William Stanley (Chamberlain of the Household, with direct access to Henry VII) they found a bag of coins amounting to around 10,000 and a collar of livery with Yorkist garnishings. He rewrote history by backdating his reign to 21st August 1485, the day before the Battle of Bosworth Field. Henry VII is also known as Henry Tudor. The baby died and Elizabeth, herself, died on 11th February 1503, her 37th birthday. He had gone from a refugee landing on an isolated beach in Wales to being a great king. Henry was also worried by the treason of Edmund de la Pole, earl of Suffolk, the eldest surviving son of Edward IVs sister Elizabeth, who fled to the Netherlands (1499) and was supported by Maximilian. [67], Henry made half-hearted plans to remarry and beget more heirs, but these never came to anything. In response to this threat within his own household, the King instituted more rigid security for access to his person. 1517. Present were exiles from Richards court, friends of Edward IVths queen, but King Richard was able to bribe the ageing Duke of Brittany to relinquish Henry in return for funds to fight an increasingly hostile French king, whereupon Henry Tudor flew to the French court for sanctuary. Sometimes when reading nonfiction of this type, I never know if it is going to be dry and dull or not. His dynasty was hanging by a thread and all his hopes had to rest on his youngest son, Henry, and Elizabeth of York producing another son, a spare. It is a sobering reflection for professional historians that the apparently unpromising territory of Henry's reign has recently produced two memorable books, both of them written outside their ranks: this one, and Ann Wroe's biography of the pretender, Perkin (2003), a longer work on a shorter subject. [41] Henry also increased wealth by acquiring land through the act of resumption of 1486 which had been delayed as he focused on defence of the Church, his person and his realm. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. The purpose of the agreement was to prevent France from annexing Brittany. They did as much to endanger his throne as to secure it. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. How did a precariously enthroned ruler, lacking a police force or a standing army, manage to run roughshod over the law? The rebellion was defeated and Lincoln killed at the Battle of Stoke. More than a biography of Henry VII, this book is really a highly detailed history of the last ten years of his reign, and how he meticulously and ruthlessly turned England into a police state ruled by what amounted to an organized crime syndicate. Henry Tudor is a familiar name to students of English history, especially the military side of it. [2] His father died three months before his birth. "[73] Further compounding Henry's distress, his older daughter Margaret had previously been betrothed to King James IV of Scotland and within months of her mother's death she had to be escorted to the border by her father: he would never see her again. Though outnumbered, Henry's Lancastrian forces decisively defeated Richard's Yorkist army at the Battle of Bosworth Field on 22 August 1485. For many he remained a usurper, a false king. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. For instance, the Stanley family had control of Lancashire and Cheshire, upholding the peace on the condition that they stayed within the law. Henry VII, grown rich from Morton's Fork and other squeezes, was far from a bumpkin trying to break into the royal circles of western Europe--he was being courted, and he knew very well to play Castile (Hapsburg) and Aragon off against one another after Isabella died (and Catherine might very well have been packed off home to marry someone else, it was common). What are the differences between Henry VII and Henry VIII? I don't read a lot of NF because I usually find it to be tedious, but The Winter King certainly wasn't that. He had a populist touch and his reign started with pardons, reforms and justice. His history plays depicted the dramatic conflicts of the wars of the roses, which Henry's accession after his victory at Bosworth in 1485 brought to an end. Henry came to the throne following the death of his father, Henry VII. There he claimed sanctuary until the envoys were forced to depart. [30] Before departing for London, Henry sent Robert Willoughby to Sheriff Hutton in Yorkshire, to arrest Warwick and take him to the Tower of London. Henry Tudor, named after his father, Henry VII, was born by Elizabeth of York June 28, 1491 in Greenwich Palace. He was the first monarch of the House of Tudor. He was the first Tudor king after defeating Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth in August 1485. [26] Henry married Elizabeth of York with the hope of uniting the Yorkist and Lancastrian sides of the Plantagenet dynastic disputes, and he was largely successful. Catherine's mother Isabella I of Castile had died and Catherine's sister Joanna had succeeded her; Catherine was, therefore, daughter of only one reigning monarch and so less desirable as a spouse for Henry VII's heir-apparent. Henry VII ruled from 1485-1509 and had a dubious claim on the throne, spending most of his time before the famous Battle of Bosworth Field in exile and gaining credibility from his marriage to Elizabeth of York. [53] Later on, Henry had exchanged letters with Pope Julius II in 1507, in which he encouraged him to establish peace among Christian realms, and to organise an expedition against the Turks of the Ottoman Empire. Why was Henry VII called the "Winter King"? - Quora Henry VII - History Learning Site Henry VII of England - Wikipedia Dydd Gyl Dewi Hapus! Why was Henry VII called the Winter King? The rest, as we say, is history; Richard III was defeated at the Battle of Bosworth and Henry Tudor had arrived out of nowhere and avenged the death of the little princes in the tower, although there is some debate as to who was actually responsible for their murder. To strengthen his position, however, he subsidised shipbuilding, so strengthening the navy (he commissioned Europe's first ever and the world's oldest surviving dry dock at Portsmouth in 1495) and improving trading opportunities. I am glad to say that I think it does, for it concentrates on the reign, and court, of Henry VII, giving a different slant to the well known story. The last few years of his reign were ones of repression. [46] In 1506 he resumed the construction of King's College Chapel, Cambridge, started under Henry VI, guaranteeing finances which would continue even after his death. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). It was 1501. [citation needed] John Cabot, originally from Genoa and Venice, had heard that ships from Bristol had discovered uncharted new found territory far west of Ireland. [65] Henry VII was shattered by the loss of Elizabeth, and her death impacted him severely. Wolf Hall this is not. He was the founder of the Tudor dynasty, and his marriage to Elizabeth Woodville brought together the too sides that were facing off during the Wars of the Roses (the Lancasters and the Yorks) basically uniting the two houses into a single family. His claim to the throne was precarious and he wanted to portray Richard . In many ways, it highlights that Henry VIII was a feckless inheritor of the tools of Machiavellian power, but had no idea to what productive end to put them. However, such a level of paranoia persisted that anyone (John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, for example)[27] with blood ties to the Plantagenets was suspected of coveting the throne. Henry then cemented his claim to the throne and his dynastic ambitions by marrying Elizabeth of York and bringing the Houses of Lancaster and York together; the red rose and white rose combined to become the Tudor rose. When Henry VII called his first parliament he used it as an opportunity to legitimise his reign. [57], In 1506, Henry extorted the Treaty of Windsor from Philip the Handsome, Duke of Burgundy. Wow, it was like being battered by facts without remission for good intentions. [28], Henry had Parliament repeal Titulus Regius, the statute that declared Edward IV's marriage invalid and his children illegitimate, thus legitimising his wife. [16] With money and supplies borrowed from his host, Francis II of Brittany, Henry tried to land in England, but his conspiracy unravelled resulting in the execution of his primary co-conspirator, Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham. Henry decided to keep Brittany out of French hands, signed an alliance with Spain to that end, and sent 6,000 troops to France. [52] He also concluded the Treaty of Perpetual Peace with Scotland (the first treaty between England and Scotland for almost two centuries), which betrothed his daughter Margaret Tudor to King James IV of Scotland. ), Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_VII_of_England&oldid=1141813382, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2021, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Articles incorporating text from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2021, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020, Articles needing additional references from October 2020, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Katherine (2 February 1503 10 February 1503), This page was last edited on 26 February 2023, at 23:16. ||Wordpress installation and design by http://www.MadeGlobal.com, FREE Anne Boleyn Soon after his fathers burial on 10 May, Henry suddenly declared that he would indeed marry Catherine, leaving unresolved several issues concerning the papal dispensation and a missing part of the marriage portion. On 7th August 1485, he dropped anchor at Mill Bay, Milford Haven, and when he reached the beach he prayed Judge me, O Lord, and favour my cause. The odds were stacked against him in his quest to take the throne of England. For instance, except for the first few months of the reign, the Baron Dynham and the Earl of Surrey were the only Lord High Treasurers throughout his reign. His legacy was his son, Henry VIII, lucky old England Penn commented. Overblown prose trumpeting his reign seemed to be the order of the day. Henry attained the throne when his forces defeated King Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field, the culmination of the Wars of the Roses. Happy St Davids Day! Henry VII declared himself king by just title of inheritance and by the judgment of God in battle, after slaying Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. Anne Boleyn | Biography, Children, Portrait, Death, & Facts - Britannica It was really very well researched and painstakingly written. Winter King: Henry VII and the Dawn of Tudor England Their powers and numbers steadily increased during the time of the Tudors, never more so than under Henry's reign. The money so extracted added to the King's personal fortune rather than being used for the stated purpose. Henry spared Richard's nephew and designated heir, John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, and made the Yorkist heiress Margaret Plantagenet Countess of Salisbury suo jure. When they married in 1396 they already had four children, including Henry's great-grandfather John Beaufort. Lincoln was killed in battle and Henry was victorious. Luther made a protest against the Catholic practice of Indulgences. It's difficult to get a handle on Henry VII. This is why he named the book the "Winter King". [citation needed], In 1502, Henry VII's life took a difficult and personal turn in which many people he was close to died in quick succession. What did the people of England think of Henry VIII? - eNotes.com The rebellion began in Ireland, where the historically Yorkist nobility, headed by the powerful Gerald FitzGerald, 8th Earl of Kildare, proclaimed Simnel king and provided troops for his invasion of England. Penn showed a genealogical roll that had belonged to the de la Pole family which showed Henry VI being the end of the Lancastrian line and the Yorkist line continuing on to Richard III. [citation needed] Following the example of Edward IV, Henry VII created a Council of Wales and the Marches for his son Arthur, which was intended to govern Wales and the Marches, Cheshire and Cornwall. I wasn't disappointed because, as usual, he did a great job with the narration. The marriage between Arthur, Prince of Wales, and Catherine of Aragon would be the culmination of everything that Henry VII had fought for at the Battle of Bosworth, so in 1501 there was a fortnight of marriage celebrations and London was in a carnival mood. This definitely was not that. Backdating Henry's Reign. King Henry the VII and King Henry the VIII both feared being invaded by foreign countries. Its goals, relentlessly pursued until Henry's death in 1509, were the establishment of a royal house, the elimination of opposition, and the steady accumulation of power and wealth. Serious disputes involving the use of personal power, or threats to royal authority, were thus dealt with. They were third cousins, as both were great-great-grandchildren of John of Gaunt. 1845. After the Holy Roman Emperor . The dispute eventually paid off for Henry. [citation needed], Henry began taking precautions against rebellion while still in Leicester after Bosworth Field. The Merchant Adventurers, the company which enjoyed the monopoly of the Flemish wool trade, relocated from Antwerp to Calais. The father's government was an exercise in discoloration. Alternate titles: Henry Tudor, earl of Richmond, Professor of Medieval History, University of Liverpool, 196780. This is why he named the book the Winter King. He was the first monarch of the House of Tudor. [8], In 1456, Henry's father Edmund Tudor was captured while fighting for Henry VI in South Wales against the Yorkists. When he met Richard III at Bosworth Field, Henry found that his army of dissidents and mercenaries was completely outnumbered. Loyalty was ensured, and the nobility was effectively neuteredand Henry became the richest monarch in Europe. I'm not giving this a star rating because I suspect it's me at fault not the book. [citation needed] Henry also formed an alliance with Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I (14931519) and persuaded Pope Innocent VIII to issue a papal bull of excommunication against all pretenders to Henry's throne. Yorkist malcontents had strength in the north of England and in Ireland and had a powerful ally in Richard IIIs sister Margaret, dowager duchess of Burgundy. The wedding was a triumph but in April 1502 a messenger brought the King the news that his eldest son had died of sweating sickness. For many he remained a usurper, a false king. I was disappointed by this it was decent but I think it was somewhat overhyped. Henry, recognizing that Simnel had been a mere dupe, employed him in the royal kitchens. Hence, the king was plagued with conspiracies until nearly the end of his reign. Claiming to be Edward, earl of Warwick, the son of Richard IIIs elder brother, George, duke of Clarence, he had the formidable support of John de la Pole, earl of Lincoln, Richard IIIs heir designate, of many Irish chieftains, and of 2,000 German mercenaries paid for by Margaret of Burgundy. But Henry had a crucial asset: his queen and their children, the living embodiment of his hoped-for dynasty. In 1837 Henry VIII's tomb was eventually marked in the chapel with a commemorative marble slab. Henry VII, also called (1457-85) Henry Tudor, earl of Richmond, (born January 28, 1457, Pembroke Castle, Pembrokeshire, Walesdied April 21, 1509, Richmond, Surrey, England), king of England (1485-1509), who succeeded in ending the Wars of the Roses between the houses of Lancaster and York and founded the Tudor dynasty. In 1502 the death of his heir Arthur left the dynasty's prospects with Arthur's 10-year-old brother, Henry. She was a great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster (fourth son of Edward III), and his third wife Katherine Swynford. He paid very close attention to detail, and instead of spending lavishly he concentrated on raising new revenues. Here is a rundown of the programme for those who missed it. The union was both symbolic and necessary. [77][78] His mother died two months later on 29 June 1509. He died shortly afterwards in Carmarthen Castle. Henry responded to this threat by embedding spies into households. Henry VIII and the Break with Rome Timeline - History Many of the entries show a man who loosened his purse strings generously for his wife and children, and not just on necessities: in spring 1491 he spent a great amount of gold on a lute for his daughter Mary; the following year he spent money on a lion for Elizabeth's menagerie. Before Henry VIII, English kings were addressed as "Your Grace" or "Your Highness.". [9] He took it, as well as the standard of St. George, on his procession through London after the victory at Bosworth. He spent most of the next 14 years under the protection of Francis II, Duke of Brittany. Henry VII ruled as Machiavelli, just after his reign, was to advise usurpers to do through fear rather than love. I have to admit to being a history geek. Pembroke Castle, and later the Earldom of Pembroke, were granted to the Yorkist William Herbert, who also assumed the guardianship of Margaret Beaufort and the young Henry. Henry VIII Books livestream YouTube 18 February 2023, February 13 A queen and her lady-in-waiting are beheaded. Henry VIII was spring and Henry VII was winter. Henry VII Facts, Information & Biography - Tudor Monarchs - English History Both parties realised they were mutually disadvantaged by the reduction in commerce. Historians debate the extent of Henry's rapacity. Henry VIII | Biography, Wives, Religion, Death, & Facts (ROYAL HISTORY) Directors Stuart Elliott Genres Documentary, International Subtitles English [CC] Audio languages English. 3.5 Stars. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright . Sometimes, Penn explained, charges against people were fabricated so that they would have to pay a fine, for example, a man who was charged with murdering a child and who was found guilty because the jury was rigged. [59][60][61], He was content to allow the nobles their regional influence if they were loyal to him. MP3 CD. Henry was the only child of Edmund Tudor , Earl of Richmond , and Margaret Beaufort . I found this really interesting, but Im a history nut. Henry VII, also called (145785) Henry Tudor, earl of Richmond, (born January 28, 1457, Pembroke Castle, Pembrokeshire, Walesdied April 21, 1509, Richmond, Surrey, England), king of England (14851509), who succeeded in ending the Wars of the Roses between the houses of Lancaster and York and founded the Tudor dynasty . He was the first monarch of the House of Tudor.[a]. The nobility was forced into bonds, legal agreements that they would act as the King wanted or be fined. The Treaty of Redon was signed in February 1489 between Henry and representatives of Brittany. Amateur historians Bertram Fields and Sir Clements Markham have claimed that he may have been involved in the murder of the Princes in the Tower, as the repeal of Titulus Regius gave the Princes a stronger claim to the throne than his own. Anyone perceived to have any potential political power or social capital was rendered deeply indebted to the crown and at risk of complete financial ruin upon the whim of the king and his councillors. Hed achieved the impossible, hed risen from refugee to King of England. [50] Henry had pressured the French by laying siege to Boulogne in October 1492. In 1494, Henry embargoed trade (mainly in wool) with the Burgundian Netherlands in retaliation for Margaret of Burgundy's support for Perkin Warbeck. The treaty marks a shift from neutrality over the French invasion of Brittany to active intervention against it. The father's government was an exercise in discoloration. Early life Most often asked questions related to bitcoin. Herbert was captured fighting for the Yorkists and executed by Warwick. On one side of the coin, instead of a profile of his face, there was a full length depiction of Henry sat on his throne with his crown and sceptre. Penn then moved on to how Henry became King. The king's own death seven years later had to be kept secret until his nervous entourage had ensured the succession. [44] Following Henry VII's death, Henry VIII executed Richard Empson and Edmund Dudley, his two most hated tax collectors, on trumped-up charges of treason. This was accomplished through the targeted imposition of fines and bonds through extrajudicial councils. [5], The descent of Henry's mother, Margaret, through the legitimised House of Beaufort bolstered Henry's claim to the English throne. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-VII-king-of-England, Spartacus Educational - Biography of Henry VII, English Monarchs - Biography of Henry VII, Henry VII - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Henry VII - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. [42], The capriciousness and lack of due process that indebted many would tarnish his legacy and were soon ended upon Henry VII's death, after a commission revealed widespread abuses. Alison Weir points out that the Rennes ceremony, two years earlier, was plausible only if Henry and his supporters were certain that the Princes were already dead. Watch with Prime Some of them have more to say than Penn about the constructive sides of the reign, which developed the state-building methods of his Yorkist predecessors. Henry himself was clearly a distant figure who governed through his ministers, but this means that it's quite hard to get much of a sense of his character from the few sources available. Elizabeth of York (11 February 1466 11 February 1503) was Queen of England from her marriage to King Henry VII on 18 January 1486 until her death. Why is this ambitious? We know that Henry attended the wedding celebrations of Arthur and his bride . I picked this audiobook up because it was narrated by Simon Vance. Since we are in the middle of winter, Ive been thinking of a volume on my shelves on Henry VII, who could be called the Winter King. Letters to relatives have an affectionate tone not captured by official state business, as evidenced by many written to his mother Margaret. The Lancastrian Henry and his Yorkist wife Elizabeth strove to reconcile the factions, but unreconciled Yorkists, to whom he was no more than a usurper, harassed his reign. Its restoration by the Magnus Intercursus was very much to England's benefit in removing taxation for English merchants and significantly increasing England's wealth. Story's register still exists and, according to the 19th-century historian W.R.W. [13] When the Yorkist Edward IV regained the throne in 1471, Henry fled with other Lancastrians to Brittany. Musings on History - Henry VII - Learn for Pleasure This was excellent. Fittingly he dressed in expensive black. He had, Bacon added, much to be suspicious about, "his times" being "full of secret conspiracies and troubles". Updates? In 1497 Warbeck landed in Cornwall with a few thousand troops, but was soon captured and executed. A fresh look at the endlessly fascinating Tudorsthe dramatic and overlooked story of Henry VII and his founding of the Tudor Dynastyfilled with spies, plots, counterplots, and an uneasy royal succession to Henry VIII. His claim to the throne was tenuous and permanently contested. He led attempted invasions of Ireland in 1491 and England in 1495, and persuaded James IV of Scotland to invade England in 1496. [6] Henry IV's action was of doubtful legality, as the Beauforts were previously legitimised by an Act of Parliament, but it weakened Henry's claim. His first chance came in 1483 when his aid was sought to rally Lancastrians in support of the rebellion of Henry Stafford, duke of Buckingham, but that revolt was defeated before Henry could land in England. He cemented his claim by marrying Elizabeth of York, daughter of King Edward IV. He would learn better as the new reign unfolded. Henry VII, also called (145785) Henry Tudor, earl of Richmond, (born January 28, 1457, Pembroke Castle, Pembrokeshire, Walesdied April 21, 1509, Richmond, Surrey, England), king of England (14851509), who succeeded in ending the Wars of the Roses between the houses of Lancaster and York and founded the Tudor dynasty. Overspending by Henry VIII to pay for his lavish lifestyle and to fund foreign wars with France and Scotland are cited as . Henry VIII - Loss of popularity | Britannica - Encyclopedia Britannica - and that was only about 50% of the book, it was only about 50% interesting to me. A man who rewrote history and rebuilt the crown, but who was paranoid, manipulative and suspicious; a dark prince with a wintery reign. Edmund was created Earl of Richmond in 1452, and "formally declared legitimate by Parliament". Supported at one time or another by France, by Maximilian I of Austria, regent of the Netherlands (Holy Roman emperor from 1493), by James IV of Scotland, and by powerful men in both Ireland and England, Perkin three times invaded England before he was captured at Beaulieu in Hampshire in 1497. He married his brother's widow, Catherine of Aragon. While most of us are familiar with Henry VIII and Elizabeth I and we probably have a sense of the Wars of the Roses in England, but how many of us are familiar with Henry VII.

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