political organisation of the acholi

Social Organization. Atkinson (2011 [1994]) wrote on this issue: First came the establishment of new, chiefly, socio-political institutions and ideology. During the later nineteenth century, the emergent Acholi became involved in the international trade in ivory and slaves, which were exchanged mainly for cattle, beads, blankets, cotton cloth, and firearms. The results showed that students had, On the one hand, languages are translatable, which can be demonstrated from different perspectives such as the general characteristics of language, the parallel linguistic, The purpose of this study was to examine the language attitudes and language practices of Arabic-speaking families living in the United States. The Acholi or Acoli are part of Luo-speaking Nilotic people of East Africa who lives predominantly in Northern Uganda (an area commonly referred to as Acholiland), including the districts of Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo, and Pader; and Magwe County in South Sudan. Milton Obote (1962-71, 1980-85). Each type of spirit had numerous ceremonies associated with it; many ceremonies included small offerings of food and drink. represents an income that averages several times that of a member of the Following the latest redrawing of the administrative divisions, it contains seven districts; Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo and Pader. More commonly, almost any salaried job in the public or private sector represents an income that averages several times that of a member of the majority peasant population. coming from the territory of present-day South Sudan over a period spanning multiple centuries. All lineage males, for example, are called "grandfather," "father," "brother," or "son," and all (likely resident) females "sister" or "daughter," depending upon their generational relationship to the speaker. Acholi chiefdoms ranged in population from under 1,000 to as many as 20,000 people and consisted of a number of fenced villages, each with recognized land rights vested in the patrilineal lineage (kaka ) at its core. https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi, "Acholi Localized patrilineal lineages, some of which have "brother" lineages of the same or different name in other parts of Acholi, have long been the fundamental social and economic units in Acholi. The essential lawlessness of the Idi Amin and thesis, University of Nairobi. It was a system of governance fully integrated with their religion and cosmology. From the Village to Entebbe: The Acholi of Northern Uganda and the The relationship between (real) brother and sister is often very close, especially when one acts as the lapidi (nurse-child) to the other, as are the bonds between the children of sisters. neighboring chiefdoms within the same zone. The Fipa are a Bantu-speaking people of southwestern Tanzania in East-Central Africa. Both Protestant and Catholic missionaries were active in Acholi from early colonial rule, providing written Luo religious, educational, and historical texts and producing a local educated elite, all of which fostered the further development of an Acholi identity within the colonial context of "tribal" culture, consciousness, and politics. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. PDF University of Bradford eThesis Women also provide major labor in the fields, as well as being responsible for most child rearing and all cooking and other food-preparation tasks. Acholi Quarter in Kampala, for example, is largely populated by formerly rural Acholi from Northern Uganda, uprooted by years of conflict and now caught in a situation of prolonged displacement. He had established the Equatorial Province in 1870 Much of that hierarchy continued into the independence era. Ruhakana Rugunda, the Ugandan minister of internal affairs and leader of the government negotiating team, noted the effectiveness of the traditional system. The cookie is set by Facebook to show relevant advertisments to the users and measure and improve the advertisements. In 2005, the new International Criminal Court in The Hague issued arrest warrants for Joseph Kony and other top LRA commanders. The Acholi region and language 51. Then in Kenya and Tanzania are the Joluo also known as the Luo. Over the twentieth century, chiefdoms in Acholi have become vestigial institutions, and the fences that once enclosed villages have disappeared. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. The existence of separate chiefdoms was therefore not an Traditionally, a grave is dug as soon as a person has died, following which a small and brief ceremony is held in the deceased's house prior to burial. [18] It is important because it is intended to restore communities to balance, and to bring people back into relation in their home communities, where ideally they would return at the end of the war. last large-scale conflict in Acholi until Amin came to power in 1971. Western Nilotic Eastern Nilotic Southern Nilotic, Burun Lwoo Nuer-Dinka Teso-Turkana Bari Maa-Lotuko, North South Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. The colonial experience of the Acholi differed greatly from the experience of those in the The Social Origins of Violence in Uganda, 1964-1 985. These guns brought Further he described how this negative experience led to generally negative attitudes towards higher now, due to the ongoing growth in population. Dances and other activities surrounding spirit possession seem to have been originally introduced from Bunyoro in the early nineteenth century and then became more wide-spread during the tumultuous years of the latter part of that century. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The thesis will centre not on the inevitability of the war, but will instead focus on the political processes that preceded it. Division of Labor. Inheritance has been, and largely remains, patrilineal. This structure was maintained by the real anointed chiefs of the Acholi, the rwodi moo. World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples. Apart from land, the rights to which were passed on equally to all sons, the eldest son was traditionally the designated heir of the father's property, although he was supposed to provide for the needs of his younger brothers. A.D. Of their history during this time only little is known. But when Idi Amin overthrew Obotes first spell in power, and when Yoweri Musevini ousted Okello, the Acholi paid heavily for their allegiances. into the 1990s, Acholi was the scene of similar levels of conflict. The Migration of Nilotes and Their Settlement | SpringerLink Ethnic group of South Sudan and Northern Uganda, Atkinson, Ronald R. "The Evolution of Ethnicity among the Acholi of Uganda: The Precolonial Phase.". et al., 1972; Heine & Knig, 2010) and Chopi (Storch, 2005) as individual languages, instead His stated political aims are to rule Uganda according to the Biblical Ten Commandments. Uma, F. K. (1971). of the West Nile, to the north by the South Sudan, to the east by the Karamojong region, to the, 23 Each Ugandan district has a language board responsible for implementing policies on indigenous language. heard of gun sound, they were used to only lightning thunder sound. The men were skilled hunters, using nets and spears. Batswana are divided into a number of subgroups or "tribes": Bahurut, Shona The camps caused misery and sufferingwith a conservative death toll of 1,000 people a week. social control in the area. This article was most recently revised and updated by, Minority Rights Group International - World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Acholi. [16] In addition, the people have important rituals for cleansing homes and sites, to welcome back people who have been away a long time, to clear spirits from places where killings have occurred, and to welcome people who have been captive. Pottery and basket making were widespread and relatively nonspecialized arts, carried out by both men and women. The Acholi occupy a 39,000-square-kilometer area, three-fourths of which lies within Uganda, extending roughly from 215 to 4159 N and 3325 to 3345 E. Their neighbors include the Luo-speaking Lango, Paluo, and Alur to the south and southwest, the Central Sudanic-speaking Madi to the west, and the Eastern Nilotic Jie and Karamojong to the east. Orientation Estimated at 1,470,554 (4.4 per cent in the 2014 census). Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Certain rwodi and their clans, giving them the ability to accumulate wealth and power beyond their rights to land comparably flat. Socialization. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Women daubed the walls with mud, decorating them with geometrical or conventional designs in red, white or grey. The EU's External Democracy Action in a New Geopolitical Reality: Policy Brief. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Central to the new order were a set of notions about political leadership in which chiefs (rwodi; sing, rwot ) shared power and decision making with the heads of chiefdoms' constituent lineages; a system of redistributive tribute within each polity, with the chief at the center; and royal, often rainmaking, drums as symbols of sovereignty and authority. the area around Lake Victoria as early as the fourth century B.C. centralised kingdom but instead organised themselves as a collection of smaller chiefdoms. second term, Acholi soldiers played key roles in the massive conflict in Verona: Editrice Nigrizia. Most prominent among them was the Uganda People's Army (UPA) in Teso and Lango sub region, the West Nile Bank Frontiers (WNBF) in the West Nile region, the Uganda People's Democratic Army, the Holy Spirit Movement and the LRA in the Acholi region. Building on a long-term relationship with the region and utilizing the methods of participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and a qualitative questionnaire, I identify two especially important social mechanisms that correlate with the prevalence . in 1911 in response to the British confiscation of Acholi guns was the Acholiland or "Acoli-land" (also known as the Acholi sub-region) is a necessarily inexact ethnolinguistic taxonomy that refers to the region traditionally inhabited by the Acholi. [13] The refugees in the camps have also been subject to raids by both LRA and government forces.[10]. (1936). During Obote's first term as president, and especially during his The name "Acholi" is used for peoples living in the former Acholi District of northern Uganda (now divided into the Gulu and Kitgum districts) and the adjoining area of the southern Sudan. "At Home in the Village: Growing Up in Acholi." in the Western Nilotic branch of Nilo-Saharan. T(h)uri Kumam During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. //]]>, ETHNONYMS: Acoli, Acooli; historically: Gani, Lango, Lo-Gang, Shuuli. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. development of the chiefdom and clan system in the 17th and 18th century that is still a vital The activities of the LRA have been devastating within Acholiland (though they spread also to neighbouring districts and countries). As a result, many widowed Acholi have been unable to access their land on return to their homes. With the coming of the ivory Nevertheless, many remain in a state of displacement. The majority of elected members of parliament in the Acholi sub-region are members of the opposition.[14]. Since the British had set up their administrational centre in the Spirits of both of these types were generally beneficent. Hunting tracts are owned by clans. Once chiefdoms were established, Acholi religious beliefs focused on three types of spirits (jogi; sing. Organizational politics are informal, unofficial, and sometimes behind-the-scenes efforts to sell ideas, influence an organization, increase power, or achieve other targeted objectives (Brandon & Seldman, 2004; Hochwarter, Witt, & Kacmar, 2000). The dry season is long and hot, with temperatures that can reach more than 35 C. Demography. As they have for centuries, Acholi farmers rely mainly on iron hoes and other hand tools. Each clan was administered by a council of elders chosen because of their outstanding military performance and because of their senior position in the community. 13.4 Organizational Politics | Organizational Behavior - Lumen Learning Statt Afrika im Kampf gegen Hunger zu helfen, beuten Industriestaaten - CORE Malaria and AIDS have been the primary disease causes of deaths. administration within the region and the district headquarters were erected in the area of the p. 41). Identification. Identification. All affines, meanwhile, are known as "mother." Abstract The aim of this thesis will be to decipher why Acholi ethnic identity remained such a critical political tool in late and post-colonial Uganda, from 1950-1985, just before the outbreak of civil war in 1986. We have a small favour to ask: if you appreciate our work, would you mind considering making a donation to support our work? 2.4. ACHOLI PEOPLE: THE FAMOUS EAST AFRICAN SPIRITUALLY AND - Blogger The Subsistence and Commercial Activities. Religious Practitioners. cooperation of their rwot (chief) Aliker with the British, the centre of the colonial At the height of the insurgency, 1.8 million people in the north were living in camps. A rebellion (February 23, 2023). "Swazi" refers to the nation, tr, Fipa Vincent (2012), a Gulu-based Since Ugandan forces pushed the LRA out of Northern Uganda, the majority were able to return to their homes, though without much in the way of government support. somewhat better off than others before the latter part of the nineteenth Precolonial trade, both within Acholi and throughout the region, focused mainly on obtaining iron ore and finished iron products in exchange for baskets or products of the farm, herd, or hunt. Childlessness is one of the most serious misfortunes imaginable; women are typically blamed, and the marriage often ends or the husband takes a second wife. From the beginning, the Acholi were marginal compared to Britain's concern with Buganda, at the core of the colony. Comprising less than 5 percent of the country's population, during the early years of independence the Acholi constituted more than 15 percent of the police force and fully a third of the army. [19], The religious leaders have tried to help end the conflict in the country of the last two decades and to reconcile the parties. Vincent (2012). "State Formation in Acholi: The Emergence of Obbo, Pajok, and Panyikwara States c. 1679-1914." Required electronic filing by tax-exempt political organizations. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. and created larger political Okot p'Bitek (1963). their inherited wealth to build up prominent twentieth-century families. More L. No. The essential lawlessness of the Idi Amin and second Milton Obote regimes, however, as well as of the various rebel groups, the Ugandan army, and Karamojong raiders (who have been active in Acholi since the mid-1980s) have led to a breakdown of any meaningful social control in the area. The PEPFAR Uganda 2023 Science Summit on HIV and TB: Following the PDF "Acholi Youth Are Lost": Young, Christian and (A)political in Uganda The full integration of the Acholi into the British colonial complex happened comparatively late. Crazzolara, J. P. (1938). From early on, girls and boys learn gender-appropriate behaviors and activities, and these are reflected in both their play and their chores and other responsibilities. Mass meetings were organized separately by Luo people in Kavirondo and the Kikuyu people in Nairobi. Peace negotiations to end the long-running rebellion by the Lords Resistance Army continued, while security in the north improved through 2007. friendly, but after the inception of the British Protectorate of Uganda in 1894, which included The third group of spirits were those of unknown persons and dangerous beasts; these were hostile, personified as ghosts, believed to cause sickness and other misfortunes, and dealt with by means of spirit possession. The Age-set spokesmen handled affairs involving interclan cooperation. Approximately 2.1 million Acholi were counted in the Uganda census of 2014, and 45,000 more were living in South Sudan in 2000.[4]. The Acholi were considered a martial people by the British, and many joined the military. Acholi Sub-region is consist of seven districts, namely; Gulu, Kitgum, Lamwo, Pader, Agago, Amuru and Nwoya, and are situtated in northern Uganda. of as dialects of Acholi. In most chiefdoms, only members of designated lineages could make or repair royal drums. An individual had personal claim to land that he and his wife (or wives) had under cultivation or that had been cultivated but was lying fallow, and such rights passed from father to son. (1988). The available evidence suggests that conflict in Acholi before the end of the nineteenth century, both among Acholi chiefdoms and with neighboring peoples, was neither rare nor endemic. Malandra, Alfred (1939). We also use third-party cookies that help us analyse and understand how you use this website. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. "Acholi Millet is the staple food of the Acholi, and tobacco is grown for trade.

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